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abacus

abstract

abstraction

A system design feature or capability that permits both composition and decomposition (see cross-reference definitions). Abstraction is one of the most appealing characteristics of object-oriented systems in that it permits processing of objects whose characteristics may or may not be completely known at the time the system is built. Abstracted Functions
Keywords References
strata   polymorphism  context
object    existential  knowledge representation
dimension   creativity  logic
continuum   class  taxonomy
composition   decomposition
object-oriented   inheritance

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acetylcholine

ACID

acquisition

action

action potential

actionable

actionable information

activation

adaptation

adrenergic

afferent

agent

AI

algorithm

ALife (Artificial Life)

ambiguity

amines

amnesia

amygdala

analog

analysis

anaphora

android

ANS

anticholinesterase

anxiety

aphasia

API

arborization

architecture

argument

arity

arousal

ART

association

astrocyte

asymptote

ATN

ATP

attention

automata

automated data processing

autonomic nervous system

autonomous computing agents

autonomous land vehicle (ALV)

axon

axoplasm

backpropagation

BASE

basket cells

Bayes' Theorem

Bayesian Network

behavior

belief

Big Data

binding

blackboard

boundaries

BPM

brain

brain circuitry

brain development

brain stem

branching

Broca's area

Brodmann

business intelligence

C/S

canonical model

categorize

causal relation

cell

central nervous system

Central Processing Unit (CPU)

cerebellum

cerebrum

certainty

channel

chaos

cholinergic

CISC

citizen developer

class

classification

climbing fibers

Code

cognition

cognitive computing

cognitive modeling

Cognitive Science

combinatorial explosion

combinatorial explosion

common sense

communication

composition

comprehension

computational linguistics

computer

computing

concept

concept learning

conceptual

conceptual graph

conclusion

confidence

connectionism

Connectomics

consciousness

constraint

context

context-free

context-sensitive

continuum

convergence

correlation

cortex

corticospinal tract

creativity

cue

cybernetics

cyberspace

cytoarchitecture

cytoplasm

cytoskeleton

data

data processing

data type

data-driven

database

dead man's hand

decay

decision

decision support system

declarative knowledge

declarative memory

decomposition

deductive reasoning

Deep Language Understanding

deixis

dementia

dendrite

depolarization

descriptive relation

design

determinism

DevOps

dichotomous logic

diencephalon

differentiation

digital

digital consumability

dimension

disambiguation

discern

discriminate

distributed

DNA

domain

dopamine

dualism

E/I

eclecticism

efferent

Electrical Current

eliminativism

emotion

empiricism

endocytosis

English

Enterprise Knowledge Management (EKM)

entropy

environment

episodic knowledge

epistemology

equation

ERP - Event Related Potential

Every nation, kindred, tongue and people

exception

existential

exocytosis

expectations

experience

experiment

expert system

explanation utility

explicit representation

exposure

expression

expressiveness

extra-sensory

fact

feature

feedback

filtering

firing

flip-flop

forget

form

formalism

fractal

frame

frenetic

function

fusiform cells

fuzzy

fuzzy logic

gamification

Gamma Oscillations

generalization

Generative Pretrained Transformers (GPT)

genetic algorithms

genetics

GIGO

gnostic

Golgi cells

governance

graceful degradation

grammar

granularity

granule cells

gray matter

GUI

gyrus

Hadoop

heredity

heuristic

hierarchical relation

hippocampus

horizontal cells

hybrid IT

hypermnesia

hyperpolarization

hypertext

hypothalamus

iatric

idiom

image processing

imagination

impedance mismatch

implicit representation

impossible

impulse

inductive reasoning

inference

information

inheritance

innate

input

instinctive

integration

intelligence

interaction

intermediate filaments

interpretation

introspection

intuition

involuntary

ion pump

judgement

kd (kilodalton)

kinesthesia

knowledge

knowledge base

knowledge representation

knowledge worker

language

Large Language Model (LLM)

laughter

laughter

learning

lexical

lexicon

limbic system

linear discrimination

linear discriminator

linguistics

link

local potential

logic

logical form

logorrhea

machine learning

mamillary bodies

MapReduce

Martinotti

meaning

meaningful

mechanical brain

medulla

memory

meta-knowledge

metabolism

metadata

metadata management

metaphor

metencephalon

methodology

metonymy

microservices

microtubules

MIMD

mind

MIPUS

mitochondrion

mitosis

model base

modeling

modularity

modus ponens

modus tollens

morpheme

morphology

mossy fibers

MT

multi-valued logic

munge

myelin

natural language

Natural Language Understanding (NLU)

nerve

nerve fiber

neural network

neurite

neuroanatomy

neurocomputing

neurode

neuroglia

neurogliaform

neuromorphism

Neuron

NeuroPedia

neurotransmitter

NLP

node

noise

non-determinism

noosphere

norepinephrine

normalization

object

object-oriented

objective

ODBMS

olfactory

oligodendrocyte

ontology

OOPS

Open Web vs. Deep Web

organelle

organism

output

overloading

overshoot

OWL

paleo-cortex

paradigm

paradox

parallel computing

parasympathetic

parsing

pathology

pattern

perception

perceptron

peripheral nervous system

permeability

personality

phoneme

phonetics

phrase

phrenology

physiology

polymorphism

polysemy

pons

possibility

possible

pragmatics

prediction

premise

probability

problem

procedural knowledge

procedural memory

process

production system

program

programming

programming language

property

proposition

psyche

psychology

psychosis

pump

Purkinje

pyramidal cells

qualitative insight

quantal release

quantifiers

quantitative insight

RAM

random

range

Ranvier, nodes of

RAS

RDF - Resource Description Framework

reason

reasoning

recall

receptive field

recognition

recursive

reflex

register

regular

relation

relay

representation

response

Rete algorithm

RISC

RNA

robot

robotics

robust

rule

rule base

sample space

schemata

Schwann cell

search

segmentation

self

self-similarity

semantic network

semantic tagging

semantics

sememe

semiotics

sense

sensory

sensory transduction

sentence

sentient

Service-Oriented Architecture

services

short-term memory

SIMD

slicing and dicing

SME - subject matter expert

SOA

software

soma

somatosensory cortex

space

SPARQL

specialization

spike

spinal cord

SQL (Structured Query Language)

standard deviation

state space

statistical analysis

stellate cells

stimulus

stochastic

strata

string

structure

subconscious

subjective

subliminal

sulcus

support vector machine

survival

syllogism

symbol

A concrete or abstract thing used to represent another thing. Language is a symbolic process of using words (vocal or written symbols) to represent things or ideas. Barcodes and QR codes are visual symbols that are scannable by Symbol scanners. Computers are symbol manipulation systems based on two symbols, 1 and 0, representing opposites in a binary system of digital logic. The most common form of input into computers at the time of this writing is the keyboard in which each key and key combination represents a symbol (letter, number or Mark). Even speech systems are currently based on converting the sound waves generated by speech into letters, numbers and marks. Keywords: representation parsing node discriminate language process cognition modeling References: algorithms automata computing formalisms knowledge representation logic words/morphology
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symbolic logic

The substitution of symbols for concepts (represented by terms, logical propositions, and associations in order to assist in human or machine reasoning. When logical expressions with pre-established meanings that overcome ambiguities inherent in natural languages are used in computing, it is called symbolic logic, though it is arguably reasonable to understand every process in a computer as a higher or lower form of symbolic reasoning. Parsing Symbol Keywords: semantic network representation knowledge representation conceptual graph data processing computing inference References: cognition comprehension computing context fuzzy logic knowledge logic perception
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symmetry

Invariance against change. We often think of mirror symmetry when we hear this word, but it embodies more than just exact repetition. Symmetry can be achieved with similarity and minor differences. Creativity and innovation are often exercises in symmetry in which a variation on a theme is introduced that makes all the difference. Keywords: chaos form structure References: chaos formalism
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synapse

A point of linkage between two neurons. Nerve fibers act like wires conducting electricity. Synapses act like spark plugs: they have a little gap where electrical potential can be generated by chemical reactions from one side (axon) and propagated to the other side. Keywords: weight spike norepinephrine neurotransmitter link endocytosis decay channel brain circuitry anticholinesterase activation acetylcholine neuron axon dendrite action potential synaptic vesicle References: brain physiology neurons neuroscience
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synaptic vesicle

An organelle in neurons that is a spherical container for neurotransmitter chemicals. These are synthesized in the soma and transferred by microtubules to the synapses where they can discharge their contents across the membranes into the synaptic cleft where they can affect the flow of E/I impulses. Keywords: organelle neurotransmitter microtubules synapse E/I References: brain physiology neurons neuroscience
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syncretism

Syncretism is, in philosophy, the attempt to reconcile or join different or opposing principles, practices, or parties, as in philosophy or religion. In grammar, syncretism is merging two or more categories in a specified environment into one.   It "suggests that the mind keeps separate accounts for the templates that build words (for example "word = stem + suffix"), for scraps of sound that may be added to words (-s, -ed and -ing), and for the roles these additins can play" (Pinker 1999). grammar morphology
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synecdoche

All HandsSynecdoche is a form of speech in which you use a part to refer to its whole or vice-versa. Here are some good examples from World Wide Words: "You use this when you speak of a part of something but mean the whole thing. When Patrick O’Brian has Captain Jack Aubrey tell his first lieutenant to “let the hands go to dinner” he’s employing synecdoche, because he’s using a part (the hand) for the whole man. You can also reverse the whole and the part, so using a word for something when you only mean part of it. This often comes up in sport: a commentator might say that “The West Indies has lost to England” when he means that the West Indian team has lost to the English one. America is often used as synecdoche in this second sense, as the word refers to the whole continent but is frequently applied to a part of it, the USA." Synecdoche  is narrower than metonymy, which may use an individual or an attribute to describe an object, group or class. Metonymy and synecdoche both twist context in ways that only the broader context of the surrounding language can help a person (or machine) discern the true intent of the speaker or writer. metonymy  
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syntax

Language structure. The rules of structuring either natural (human) or synthetic (i.e. computer) languages are also called grammar rules. By understanding a language's syntax, we can learn its diction and presumably understand all well-formed statements or sentences in the language. (Not to be confused with its homonym, "sin tax", which is a type of luxury tax for things considered to be morally ambiguous) Keywords: semantics pragmatics MT morphology linguistics grammar form structure References: comprehension context information/entropy intelligence learning lexicography linguistic strata natural language semantics syntax words/morphology
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synthesis

To build or assemble. Think of synthesis in both a physical and an abstract way. Before the structure can be erected, the blueprint must exist. Synthesis of the blueprint, and before that, the concept, are critical factors. Cybernetics is, by definition, synthetic. Keywords: analysis References: algorithms automata comprehension formalisms fuzzy logic inference knowledge learning rules
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systaltic array

Son of systolic array, the systaltic array is a parallel computing architecture optimized for a two-way data flow. Keywords: systolic array parallel computing References: algorithms automata computing formalisms parallel computing
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systaltic array

Systaltic Flow in ComputersA systaltic array is a connected set of computational nodes that support bi-directional (systolic and diastolic) information flow. Neural networks are one-directional models for processing and sometimes the opposite (backpropagation) for learning. As shown in the illustration at right, a systaltic process model may use process flow scripts or forward chaining inference in parallel with independent knowledge search and retrieval to solve complex problems.
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systolic array

A parallel computer architecture and paradigm. Systolic parallel algorithms exhibit a directional flow such that data is divided and queued to go through the same sequence of processes moving from one processor to the next. The blood-flow metaphor bespeaks the flow of data through processors. Keywords: parallel computing systaltic array MIMD References: algorithms automata computing formalisms parallel computing
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tactile agnosia

Decrease in acuity of the senses in general, usually resulting from a lesion in the somesthetic association cortex. Since this area is responsible for sensory integration, cognitive capabilities that require multiple senses are profoundly impaired. Astereognosis impairs spatial awareness of parts of the body. Keywords: somatosensory cortex association aphasia pathology integration References: brain physiology neurons neuroscience learning pathology psychology
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taxonomy

Universe Biotic Abiotic TaxonomyThe science of categorizing or classifying things hierarchically. Object-oriented programming techniques use inheritance from classes to subclasses to imitate the fundamentally taxonomical structure of information in the real world and in the mind. Taxonomies are a key component of generalization, a basic human cognitive activity. Keywords: hierarchical relations categorize class inheritance generalization structure cognition form References: associationism cognition inference knowledge
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telecosm

That subspace of cyber universe you can only get to by grid wire – that is, the international telecom grid. There are pockets of cyberspace that are not yet wired to the rest of the world. These are some companies' internal networks and individual computers that are not yet connected. But the telecosm is where it's at. The internet and world wide web are subsets of the telecosm, as were Compuserve, AOL, Prodigy, bulletin boards and other dial-in services back when this was originally in writing. Keywords: cyberspace cybernetics communication digital References: automata chaos cybernetics information/entropy knowledge
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thalamus

The sensory integration center of the brain. Once considered part of the basal ganglia, the thalamus is now treated as part of the diencephalon. Its central location in the CNS gives it access to information from all the sensory areas and output to the cerebrum and to motor control centers. Keywords: limbic system hypothalamus hippocampus emotion amygdala sense integration diencephalon References: brain physiology neurons neuroscience
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thalamus

Thalamus ProfileThe thalamus is a small structure within the brain located just above the brain stem between the cerebral cortex and the midbrain and has extensive nerve connections to both. The main function of the thalamus is to relay motor and sensory signals to the cerebral cortex. It also regulates sleep, alertness and wakefulness (Dr Ananya Mandal, MD on News.medical.net)
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theory

A guess based on generalization. Given a knowledge about some things and how they work, we can observe similarities and predict the structures and functions of similar things. These predictions are theories, and they serve as a basis for scientific inquiry and discovery. We can formally or informally build probabilistic models that can give us very well-supported theories before experimentation begins. Keywords: knowledge generalization prediction empiricism probability modeling References: automata chaos cybernetics ethics formalisms intelligence knowledge modeling philosophy physics
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think

Definition: To use the intellectual faculties for judging, making decisions, making inferences, drawing conclusions, or forming opinions, etc. To muse, meditate, reflect, recollect or weigh issues. An exhausting process for some. Keywords: thought meta-knowledge expectations concept cognition intelligence psychology References: cognition comprehension context fuzzy logic inference knowledge logic perception
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thought

The past tense of think. A fleeting snippet of cognitive activity that surfaced long enough to attract the attention of the intelligent being involved in voluntary or involuntary cogitation. Whether or not a machine is capable of thought is a semantic issue of artificial intelligence and ALife. Keywords: reasoning reason meta-knowledge intuition impulse existential conclusion conceptual concept think cognition intelligence mechanical brain References: cognition comprehension context fuzzy logic inference knowledge logic perception
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threshold

The level of electric action potential that must be reached to cause a neuron or node in an artificial system to fire or become activated as the result of a spike of excitatory action potential (depolarization). Threshold functions can be either square or sigmoidal. See textual references below. Keywords: weight spike resting potential node hyperpolarization firing asymptote anticholinesterase activation action potential depolarization E/I References: algorithms associationism chaos connectionism fuzzy logic learning neural networks pattern recognition
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time

The first member of the dynamic duo of time and space. Space (or location) and time are the two primary components of context in human cognition. Without the contexts of our current location and the time of day and time in the history of mankind, it would be more difficult to interpret the things we see and hear. Keywords: context space domain cognition References: context physics
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tools

Things that help you do something. One view of information and computational systems is that they are the most important part of any business. Poeple who possess this view are becoming extinct. People who understand that computers can provide good tools with which to conduct real business have a survival trait worth possessing. Keywords: computing computer android design program References: AI programming algorithms chaos computing cybernetics expert systems formalisms fuzzy logic inference knowledge representation modeling pattern recognition system engineering
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translation

1) The process of converting information encoded in one symbol set (language) to another. 2) A spiritual transformation in which the subject (human) physically dies and is resurrected "in the twinkling of an eye." Keywords: idiom expressiveness expression acquisition interpretation language natural language communication References: comprehension fuzzy logic lexicography linguistic strata natural language words/morphology
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uncertainty

In information theory, certainty is the degree that information is considered true, complete or accurate. Uncertainty rises from false or misleading data elements, incomplete data, or ambiguous context. Confidence is the human response to certainty, so some information models use confidence values. Keywords: meta-knowledge experiment empiricism concept information entropy confidence References: context fuzzy logic knowledge representation logic taxonomy
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understanding

The ability to empathize is the first sense of this word that comes to mind. To truly discern the intent of another, knowledge, experience and empathy work together. "Understanding"is a word that is often used to indicate knowledge with wisdom and somehow implies experience. It is one of the more noble terms for cognitive capacity. Keywords: strata statistical analysis sentient idiom discriminate discern knowledge comprehension References: associationism cognition inference knowledge taxonomy
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Unstructured Content

Unstructured data includes most documents, web pages, images and rich media such as audio and/or video content that require humans to fully and correctly interpret. Digital information or knowledge that is in more unpredictable formats (unstructured content) is usually more richly expressive and interesting than structured information in databases, but harder to find and interpret without an application or process that gives it structure. It turns out that, for some unknown reason, humans like information to play hard-to-get. Adding formal governance to the authoring and publishing process has been strangely dubbed as structured content: strange because the content that is the subject of the definition is "unstructured data". Go figure. Structured Content
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voice recognition

Speech WavesI recognize my wife's voice on the phone, but this is way different. This voice recognition is a misnomer for computationally recognizing words when spoken (voiced) into a microphone. Speech to text or STT may be a better expression for this conversion that translates sound waves into patterns that can be matched with words and phrases to tell a digital device what a person just said (i.e. "read your lips"). This is also completely different from language understanding, which begins with the words and tries to determine what prompted you to say something, or your intent (i.e. "read your mind").
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volition

I define volition as the application of human cognition to action: you decide, you act - your volition is behind what you did. agent cognition decide action actionable
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weight

In most of the places where the word "weight" appears in the Understanding Context blog, it refers to the abstract concept of level of confidence or trust, or the amount of activation that spreads from one neuron to another in the brain, or from one node to another in an artificial neural network. When the aggregate weights coming into a node (or neuron) reach or exceed the threshold, action potential is further propagated. Keywords: node neurode neural network action potential E/I threshold synapse References: algorithms associationism connectionism fuzzy logic learning neural networks pattern recognition
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Wernicke's area

The receptive speech area. This is where knowledge of language is used to interpret or remember linguistic information. When this part of the brain is injured, a person's ability to interpret or remember things heard or read is impaired. The related disability is called aphasia. Keywords: natural language association Broca's area aphasia References: brain physiology neurons neuroscience
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white matter

Parts of the brain inside gray matter that are filled with nerve axons. The white color comes from the myelin sheaths (made of glial cells) that insulate the axons. Keywords: neurogliaform gray matter myelin neuroglia References: brain physiology neurons neuroscience
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word

1) A single lexical element in a language (look up a word in a dictionary). The process of segmentation is used in continuous speech analysis (listening) to distinguish the beginning and ending of words in text. 2) More than one word (i.e. a WORD from our sponsor). 3) The number of bits in a register in a computing mechanism (i.e. 32-bit word). 4) The Christian gospel... Keywords: sememe pragmatics idiom anaphora sentence morphology grammar segmentation lexical ambiguity References: chaos comprehension fuzzy logic lexicography linguistic strata natural language words/morphology
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workflow

A sequential model of a business process that may branch based on processes performed at each step in the workflow. Form SearchCIO: "Workflow is a term used to describe the tasks, procedural steps, organizations or people involved, required input and output information, and tools needed for each step in a business process." The key differentiator between true workflow modeling and rules modeling is the sequence. Workflow Linearity
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Yorrick

Yorrick as FetusYorrick is the name of a fictional human being I have invented to illustrate the knowledge acquisition and language acquisition processes. See the following posts: Yorrick: Seeds of Knowledge Remember Yorrick Conceptual Paradigms From Concept to Communication Knowing About Agents and Instruments
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zygote

One of the two cells (female egg cell and male sperm cell) that, together, form the basis of human fetal development. The DNA in each of these cells contains half of the information necessary to form a whole person. Keywords: DNA information References: genetics
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